Wrist Pain

Expanded Guide

1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition that occurs when the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, becomes compressed or pinched. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway on the palm side of the wrist, formed by bones and ligaments. The median nerve, responsible for controlling sensation in the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger, passes through this tunnel along with tendons that help move the fingers. When the space within the carpal tunnel becomes restricted or inflamed, the median nerve gets compressed, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the affected hand. Several factors can contribute to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome, including repetitive hand movements, injury, trauma, or certain medical conditions like arthritis and diabetes. Repetitive activities, such as typing, playing musical instruments, or assembly line work, can increase pressure in the carpal tunnel. Additionally, fractures or dislocations of the wrist, as well as genetic factors like a naturally smaller carpal tunnel, can predispose individuals to this condition. Carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms typically develop gradually, starting with numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation in the thumb, index, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. These symptoms often worsen at night or after activities involving the wrist. In more severe cases, individuals may experience weakness, making it difficult to grip objects or perform tasks requiring fine motor skills.
2. Osteoarthritis: Hand and wrist osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the protective cartilage covering the ends of bones in the joints of the hand and wrist wears down over time. Cartilage is a smooth tissue that allows bones to glide over each other without friction, but when it deteriorates, the bones can rub against one another, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling in the affected joints. Osteoarthritis in the hand and wrist typically affects the small joints in the fingers, the base of the thumb, and the wrist itself. It is a progressive condition, meaning it worsens over time, and it is most common in older adults, though it can also be triggered by injury or overuse. The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to its development. These include aging, genetics, previous injuries to the hand or wrist, and repetitive hand movements, such as those involved in certain occupations or activities. Osteoarthritis can also result from excessive wear and tear on the joints over time, leading to the breakdown of cartilage. Symptoms of hand and wrist osteoarthritis may develop gradually and include pain, tenderness, stiffness, swelling, and reduced flexibility in the affected joints. People may find it difficult to perform everyday tasks, such as gripping objects, opening jars, or typing. In some cases, bone spurs (small bony projections) may develop around the affected joints, causing additional pain and deformity.
3. Tendonitis: Tendonitis and tendinopathy are both conditions affecting the tendons, the tissues that connect muscles to bones, but they differ in their causes and progression. Tendonitis is an acute inflammatory condition that arises when a tendon becomes irritated or damaged due to overuse, repetitive motion, or injury. It often causes sudden pain, tenderness, and swelling, particularly after physical activity or repetitive strain. Tendonitis is commonly seen in areas such as the shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, and Achilles tendon. The inflammation makes movement painful, and activities like gripping, lifting, or even walking can become difficult. On the other hand, tendinopathy refers to a more chronic condition that encompasses both inflammation and tendon degeneration (tendinosis). It develops gradually, often after repeated stress on the tendon over time, and is characterized by the breakdown of tendon fibers rather than just inflammation. Tendinopathy leads to persistent pain, thickening of the tendon, and a reduction in function.
4. TFCC Tear: A triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear is an injury to the cartilage and ligaments on the small finger side of the wrist. The TFCC serves as a stabilizer for the wrist, connecting the forearm bones (the radius and ulna) to the hand while also cushioning the wrist and absorbing shock during motion. This structure is crucial for wrist rotation and twisting activities, such as turning a doorknob or using a screwdriver. TFCC tears can be classified as traumatic or degenerative. Traumatic tears often result from accidents like falling onto an outstretched hand or experiencing sudden twisting movements, and they are common among athletes involved in sports such as tennis or gymnastics. Degenerative tears, on the other hand, develop gradually due to aging and the natural wear and tear on the wrist joint, typically affecting people over the age of 50. The symptoms of a TFCC tear include pain on the small finger (ulnar) side of the wrist, particularly during rotation or gripping, swelling around the wrist, and a clicking or popping sensation with movement. People with TFCC tears may also experience weakness and difficulty performing tasks that require gripping or twisting motions, along with reduced wrist flexibility.